Exchange Proof of Reserves Tracker (2026)
Which exchanges publish evidence that they hold your money, and which simply ask you
to believe the number in the app. Of the 178 venues we have reviewed, 142
publish nothing at all that would let you verify it, which is 80% of the market and includes
places people use every day. Each one is graded below with what it actually publishes.
MSP Score /100: 85+ Excellent 70 to 84 Very good 55 to 69 Fair <55 Caution
Proof of reserves is
not an audit. It shows the assets an exchange controls at a moment in time. Most publications
cover assets and not liabilities, so an exchange can prove it holds a billion while owing two and the
proof is still accurate. It is also a snapshot, and assets have been borrowed to make one look better.
Publishing is a better sign than not publishing, and it is not a guarantee of anything.
Search
Reserves
Any Publishes proof Regulated custody instead Limited or lapsed Publishes nothing
EEA access
Any MiCA licensed Not licensed
Record
Any No incident Has incidents
SortHighest score Name A to Z
0 shown
KR
#1
San Francisco, United States · founded 2011 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed 1 incident
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 400 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
OK
#2
Seychelles, operations across Asia and Europe · founded 2017 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ~ Mixed reviews MiCA licensed 2 incidents
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 350 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
BI
#3
Luxembourg · founded 2011 · Audited reserves
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed 1 incident
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 85 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
BI
#4
Seychelles · founded 2018 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 800 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CR
#5
Singapore · founded 2016 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed 1 incident
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 350 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
SW
#6
Brisbane, Australia · founded 2019 · Publishes proof of reserves
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 400 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
VA
#7
Johannesburg, South Africa · founded 2018 · Publishes proof of reserves
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 100 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
RI
#8
United States · founded 2019 · Publishes proof of reserves
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BY
#9
Dubai, United Arab Emirates · founded 2018 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ~ Mixed reviews MiCA licensed 1 incident
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 600 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
GE
#10
New York, United States · founded 2014 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 70 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
IR
#11
Sydney, Australia · founded 2013 · Publishes proof of reserves
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 30 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#12
No stated global headquarters · founded 2017 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ~ Mixed reviews 3 incidents
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 350 plus spot, plus the deepest derivatives book in crypto
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
SW
#13
Lausanne, Switzerland · founded 2017 · Publishes proof of reserves
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 100 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
WH
#14
Lithuania · founded 2018 · Publishes proof of reserves
Publishes proof of reserves ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 400 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#15
Mexico City, Mexico · founded 2014 · Publishes proof of reserves
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 80 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#16
British Virgin Islands · founded 2012 · Publishes reserve attestations
Publishes proof of reserves ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 170 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
GA
#17
Cayman Islands · founded 2013 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 1,700 plus, one of the longest lists anywhere
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
NE
#18
Vancouver, Canada · founded 2014 · Publishes proof of reserves and is a registered dealer
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 70 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
DE
#19
Dubai, United Arab Emirates · founded 2016 · Publishes reserve information
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets Bitcoin and Ethereum derivatives, not a spot exchange
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
KU
#20
Seychelles · founded 2017 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ⚠ Review caution 2 incidents
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 900 plus, the longest list of any major venue
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
ME
#21
Seychelles · founded 2018 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 2,700 plus, the longest list of any major venue
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CE
#22
London, United Kingdom · founded 2013 · Publishes proof of reserves
Publishes proof of reserves ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 100 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
HT
#23
Seychelles · founded 2013 · Yes
Publishes proof of reserves ⚠ Review caution 2 incidents
Reserves Publishes proof of reserves
Assets 700 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#24
Amsterdam, Netherlands · founded 2018 · Regulated custody
Regulated custody instead ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Regulated custody instead
Assets 350 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
BI
#25
Vienna, Austria · founded 2014 · Regulated custody with audited holdings
Regulated custody instead ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Regulated custody instead
Assets 600 plus including stocks and metals
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
BI
#26
Tokyo, Japan · founded 2014 · Regulated custody under the Japanese FSA
Regulated custody instead ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Regulated custody instead
Assets 20 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
RC
#27
United States · founded 2018 · Regulated custody
Regulated custody instead ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Regulated custody instead
Assets 40 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
UP
#28
Seoul, South Korea · founded 2017 · Regulated custody under Korean rules
Regulated custody instead ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Regulated custody instead
Assets 200 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
ET
#29
Tel Aviv, Israel · founded 2007 · Regulated custody
Regulated custody instead ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Regulated custody instead
Assets 100 plus crypto, plus stocks and ETFs
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
LU
#30
London, United Kingdom · founded 2013 · Regulated custody
Regulated custody instead ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Regulated custody instead
Assets 30 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#31
Tokyo, Japan · founded 2012 · Regulated custody under the Japanese FSA
Regulated custody instead ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Regulated custody instead
Assets 30 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
RC
#32
London, United Kingdom · founded 2015 · Regulated custody through a third party
Regulated custody instead ~ Mixed reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Regulated custody instead
Assets 200 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
BI
#33
United States · founded 2019 · Limited publication
Limited or lapsed ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Limited or lapsed
Assets 150 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BT
#34
Istanbul, Turkey · founded 2013 · Limited publication
Limited or lapsed ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Limited or lapsed
Assets 150 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#35
Cayman Islands · founded 2017 · Limited publication
Limited or lapsed ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Limited or lapsed
Assets 1,500 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#36
Seychelles · founded 2014 · Historically published proof of reserves
Limited or lapsed ⚠ Review caution 2 incidents
Reserves Limited or lapsed
Assets Derivatives focused
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#37
Remote first, United States · founded 2012 · Not a proof of reserves publisher in the usual sense
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 250 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
CO
#38
Turkey · founded 2021 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 400 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#39
Japan · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
GC
#40
Japan · founded 2016 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#41
Thailand · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#42
Philippines · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
QU
#43
Nigeria · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#44
Spain · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
CA
#45
United States · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
RI
#46
Argentina · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#47
United Arab Emirates · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
HE
#48
Hong Kong · founded 2022 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
ND
#49
Canada · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#50
Turkey · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
IC
#51
Turkey · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#52
Turkey · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#53
South Korea · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
KO
#54
South Korea · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
SV
#55
Japan · founded 2016 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
TO
#56
Indonesia · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
PI
#57
Indonesia · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#58
Thailand · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
PD
#59
Philippines · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#60
Singapore · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BU
#61
Nigeria · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
AL
#62
South Africa · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#63
Germany · founded 2011 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
BI
#64
Germany · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
BS
#65
Switzerland · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#66
Australia · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
UP
#67
United Kingdom · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
ST
#68
United States · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#69
Canada · founded 2016 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
SH
#70
Canada · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
WC
#71
Canada · founded 2020 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
FO
#72
Brazil · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
LC
#73
Argentina · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
RA
#74
United Arab Emirates · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
OS
#75
Hong Kong · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
MA
#76
Taiwan · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BM
#77
Australia · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BE
#78
United Arab Emirates · founded 2023 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
ZO
#79
Poland · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
SY
#80
Switzerland · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BU
#81
Hong Kong · founded 2021 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BT
#82
Turkey · founded 2020 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BJ
#83
Japan · founded 2023 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#84
Tallinn, Estonia · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 80 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
IN
#85
Indonesia · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#86
Australia · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
HA
#87
Malaysia · founded 2022 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
OV
#88
South Africa · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BS
#89
Germany · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
CO
#90
Finland · founded 2012 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
SA
#91
Sweden · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
FI
#92
Norway · founded 2016 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
RE
#93
Switzerland · founded 2020 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#94
Switzerland · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
AR
#95
United Kingdom · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#96
United Kingdom · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
SO
#97
United Kingdom · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
SB
#98
United States · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BA
#99
United States · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
NE
#100
Canada · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
NO
#101
Brazil · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BU
#102
Argentina · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
SA
#103
Argentina · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
TA
#104
Mexico · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#105
United Arab Emirates · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
M2
#106
United Arab Emirates · founded 2023 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
MU
#107
United Arab Emirates · founded 2021 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
YP
#108
Italy · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
CO
#109
Italy · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
AD
#110
Netherlands · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
BL
#111
Netherlands · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
CO
#112
Singapore · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
DD
#113
Singapore · founded 2020 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
AB
#114
Switzerland · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
ME
#115
Japan · founded 2022 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
OK
#116
United States · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#117
Australia · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
EC
#118
New Zealand · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#119
India · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
YC
#120
Nigeria · founded 2016 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
MB
#121
Sao Paulo, Brazil · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 200 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
KR
#122
Tallinn, Estonia · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews MiCA licensed Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 400 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Licensed
ZE
#123
India · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
KU
#124
Ukraine · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
DE
#125
India · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BL
#126
United Kingdom · founded 2011 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CC
#127
Nigeria · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
PI
#128
Singapore · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 400 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
PA
#129
Istanbul, Turkey · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ✓ Trusted reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 100 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
GO
#130
South Korea · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#131
Japan · founded 2016 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#132
Taiwan · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
DS
#133
Australia · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#134
Seoul, South Korea · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 300 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
GI
#135
India · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
MU
#136
India · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
21
#137
Austria · founded 2021 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#138
United States · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
WI
#139
United Kingdom · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
KE
#140
Poland · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
KI
#141
New Zealand · founded 2013 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#142
Singapore · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 700 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#143
India · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 500 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
PH
#144
Singapore · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 400 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
TX
#145
Singapore · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
RO
#146
Nigeria · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#147
Nigeria · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
NA
#148
Nigeria · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
ON
#149
Vietnam · founded 2020 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
XT
#150
Seychelles · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 1,000 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#151
Singapore · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
DI
#152
Singapore · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BL
#153
Cayman Islands · founded 2021 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 400 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
LB
#154
Cayman Islands · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 900 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
TO
#155
Seychelles · founded 2022 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 500 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
WE
#156
Singapore · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#157
Seychelles · founded 2021 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
PG
#158
Seychelles · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
LA
#159
Cayman Islands · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
CO
#160
Singapore · founded 2020 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#161
Cayman Islands · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
TA
#162
Singapore · founded 2021 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
DE
#163
Singapore · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
OR
#164
Seychelles · founded 2021 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
ZO
#165
Seychelles · founded 2021 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution Clean record
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
PO
#166
Seychelles · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#167
Singapore · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 2 incidents
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 700 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
RE
#168
Vietnam · founded 2016 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ~ Mixed reviews 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
WA
#169
India · founded 2018 · Publication history is inconsistent
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets 250 plus
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
TH
#170
Turkey · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
DB
#171
Japan · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
ZI
#172
Thailand · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#173
United States · founded 2014 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
HO
#174
Seychelles · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
AS
#175
Singapore · founded 2018 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 2 incidents
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
BI
#176
Seychelles · founded 2017 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
GA
#177
Russia · founded 2019 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
NU
#178
Germany · founded 2015 · No standard proof of reserves publication
Publishes nothing ⚠ Review caution 1 incident
Reserves Publishes nothing
Assets Varies
Custody Custodial
EEA access Restricted
What proof of reserves proves, and what it does not
Done properly it lets any customer confirm their own balance is included in the published total.
That is genuinely useful and a long way short of an audit. What it usually omits is liabilities. The
stronger publications include a liabilities commitment and most do not.
The honest summary: publishing beats not publishing, a regular schedule beats a one off, and
including liabilities beats assets alone. None of it changes the basic position that if you do not
hold the keys, you own a claim on a company rather than the asset itself.
What to actually do about it
Do not keep more on an exchange than you need there. This is the whole answer and the rest
is detail. An exchange is somewhere to trade, not somewhere to store.
Prefer venues that publish, other things being equal. A venue willing to be checked is
telling you something even if the check is imperfect.
Treat regulated custody as a real alternative. Segregated client assets under a supervisor
enforcing it can be stronger than a self published attestation.
Move anything long term into self custody. The
hardware wallet chooser covers how.
Questions people ask
What is proof of reserves?
A published statement of the assets an exchange holds, structured so customers can verify their own
balance is counted. The better implementations use a cryptographic tree that lets you check your
account is included without revealing anyone else's. It exists because exchanges have repeatedly
turned out to hold far less than they owed.
Does it mean my money is safe?
No. Most proofs cover assets only, so an exchange can prove a billion while owing two. Only
publications that also commit to liabilities say anything about solvency.
Should I avoid an exchange that does not publish?
Not automatically, since that would rule out most of the market including well regulated venues. A
regulated exchange with segregated client assets may be in a stronger position than one publishing an
unaudited attestation. What you should not do is keep meaningful money on any of them longer than you
need to.
How often should an exchange publish?
Monthly is the standard among those taking it seriously and quarterly is acceptable. A single
publication from years ago tells you nothing about today, which is why lapsed publishers are graded
separately here.
Updated weekly · scanned 22 August
38 new tokens launched this week
We seal the list every week and keep re-checking every token on it, so you can see what actually happened to them rather than only what is trading today.
Risk warning:
crypto assets are highly volatile and largely unregulated. You can lose everything you put in.
Nothing here is financial, investment or tax advice, and nothing here is a recommendation to buy or
sell any asset. Figures are typical and change, so always confirm on the venue's own site.